http://jcr.sagepub.com/content/38/4/620.abstract
http://pubpages.unh.edu/~mas2/ID52%20Draft%20M2.-with-tablespdf.pdf

Boys in their late childhood who have been socialized with aggression have the highest chance in engaging in homicides or assaults. Studies have found that aggression is more of a consequence than a result from the war or children observing violence at home. Delinquent and or teenage children, and within this contect there are two forms of approved violence which consist of within-family violence and non-family violence. There are gender differences and national context difference that heighten or lower the standards for violence.

By gender, males are expected to be much more violent than girl, thus the phrase "boys will be boys". Disciplinary methods taken onto boys are much more physical than one would with girls. They were expected to take on more aggressive acts in society or an aggressive behavior or nature in general.35

Every society has different methods in which to raise their child, the attitude and beliefs they have towards it influences the behavior of the child but as they develop more towards a specified goal they believe less in violence. Which is to say the amount of violence tolerated deteriorates. An example is that we don't settle interpersonal fights with duels, but rather with a higher chance of both actually suriving. This lessens the chance of children being influences by violence or their childrearing being violent.

Violence is not as expected in more developed countries than in less developed. However, there are links according to the type of violence and its link, as there is family-violence, linked to socio-economic development since its within the confimes of a home. Then there is the combination of male and sexual violence that is linked to socioeconomic development along with the growing roles of women.

Depression

Biological Effect
http://www.allaboutdepression.com/cau_02.html

• Brain Function
• Limbic System
• Affects your mood and behavior
• (body temperature, sleep, appetite, sexual drive, stress reaction, etc.)
• Neurotransmitters and Nuerons
• Affect the moods.
• Can be regulated by antidepressants increasing the amount of norepinephrine but people with depression may also have high levels of norepinephrine already.
• Hormones and Endocrine System
• Endocrine system keeps hormones from becoming too much by feedback.
• Depression makes it so that the feedback is not as productive as it should be.
• Hormone Irregularities associate with depression like sleeping or eating habits that undergo change.
• May be a symptom of disorgers in organs that produce hormones; thyroid disorders, Cushing's syndrome, and Addison's disease.
• Cortisol is the excess hormone in the blood that appears in depressed patients.
• The hypothalamus influences the pituitary to produce corticotrophic-releasing hormone, disregarding the amount of cortisol, (to depressed patients)

Environmental Causes of Depression
http://www.ehow.com/facts_5435189_environmental-causes-depression.html

• Stress Buildup
• Work, School, Bills
• Traumas
• The death of a loved one, criminal actions towards the one who is depressed.
• Childhood Abuse
• Sexual or Physical abuse
• Lack of coping skills
• Separation

Cognitive Depression
http://www.md-phc.com/puntil/ccausesof.htm

• Information is processed negatively:
• Arbitrary inference: Conclusion drawn from evidence that is irrational.
• Selective Abstraction: Focusin on the negative aspect of a situation.
• Overgeneralization: Carry rules based on experiences
• Magnification and minimization: Focus on undesirable events and disregard the desirable.
• Personalization: External events are related to oneself without evidence.
• All-or-Nothing Thinking: Black and White. No Gray.

Cognitive Triad
http://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/showthread.php?t=564306

The idea that everything around you and yourself, and your future is viewed in a negative manner.

• Negative Triad
• Achieved through early experience.

Self-viewed negativity- Failure
World viewed negativity- "Everyone's against me"
Future viewed negativity- Unaccomplished person

Articles on Depression

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/06/100609083221.htm

Conducted by ScienceDaily on June 11, 2010. (Medical School in New Brunswick New Jersey)

Medical school evaluated that many students in high school don't get as much sleep, with 52% excessive daytime sleepiness, 32% with strong depression symptoms, and 32% had some depression symptoms. They found sleep deprivation as normal and also that midnight curfews causing stronger depression than 10 o' clock curfews.
The study was done on teens or generally just high school seniors. The high school steniors who had an age of around 17.7. who attended a school in New Jersey.
Doctors found many students to be sleep deprived and therefore strengthening symptoms of depression.

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/08/100802165402.htm

Conducted by ScienceDaily on August 3, 2010.(Lawrence T. Lam, Ph.D., of the School of Medicine, Sydney, and the University of Notre Dame, Fremantle, Australia, and Zi-Wen Peng, M.Sc., of the Ministry of Education and SunYat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.)

Participants were evaluated with validated scales on depression and anxiety. In addition, they were asked to complete a questionaire upon their use of the Internet includign questions that ask of your behaviors according to.
The participants were done on 1,041 15 year old (on average) Chinese teens.
6.2% used the Internet moderately and 0.2% were at severe risk. Only, 9 months later it was shown that 0.2% had anxiety symptoms and 8.4% had depression. In conclusion, young people who were free of mental health issues but used the Internet later are subject to developing depression.

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/11/091117094933.htm

Conducted by ScienceDaily on  November 18, 2009. (Researchers at the University of Bergen, Norway and the Institute of Psychology at King's College London.

Studies performed on a survey done by people and a mortality database. they compiled research based on mortality rates from people with depression, depression and anxiety, and smoking.
The people studied were basically patients with symptoms of anxiety and or depression and smoking.
In conclusion, it was found that people who smoke have a similar life or death to what depressed people have. Also, people who are depressed and anxious fare better because they are vulnerable to stress.

Basics of Schizophrenia

1. The most common symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia are:

• One begins to hear things that only they can hear.
• One believes that people are trying to hurt them when they're not.
• One has verbal conflicts.
• One speaks to others patronizingly.
• One begins to get suicidal thoughts or actions.
• One becomes anxious, aloof, violent, or angry.

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/paranoid-schizophrenia/DS00862/DSECTION=symptoms

2. Symptoms for disorganized paranoid schizophrenia are:

• Being active but with reason and unproductively.
• Emotional responses can be odd or inappropriate.
• One has beliefs that are false.
• One can't respond pleasurably.
• One smiles and grimaces at the wrong times.
• One lack emotion and is not motivated.
• Has auditory and visual hallucinations.
• Behaves in a silly manner.

http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/schizophrenia-disorganized-type/overview.html

3. Symptoms of catatonic schizophrenia include:

• One having delusions and hallucinations.
• One is incoherent or has frequent derailment, thus disorganized speech.
• Behavior is catatonic or disorganized.
• 'Negative' symptons being flattening, alogia, or avolition.

http://counsellingresource.com/distress/schizophrenia/dsm/schizophrenia.html

4. Positive schizophrenia symptoms:

• Hallucinations
• Delusions
• Racing thoughts.

5. Negative schizophrenia symptoms:

• Apathy
• Emotionless
• Poor or no socialization

http://www.schizophrenia.com/diag.php

6. Hallucinations vs. Delusions
 Hallucinations are were delusions come from the sense (visual and auditory) where one sees or hear things that aren't there
Delusions consist of beliefs that the person thinks are true even if they are denied through fact. It has to do with the mental responses, or emotional, instead of relying on the sense ( sense of grandeur or persecution).

http://www.wisegeek.com/are-delusions-and-hallucinations-different.htm

7. Cognitive schizophrenia symptoms:

• Thoughts that get you no where, circuitous and unending.
• Neologisms- making up new words.
• Incoherency and forming unrelated words together.
• Thoughts and speech are loose (forgetful).
• Has no goals or direction.

http://www.schizophrenia.com/earlysigns.htm

8. Avolition symptoms:

• Has no desires, motivation, or persistence.
• Failure to begin or finish goals.

www.lumrix.com/medical/symptoms/avolition.html

9. Catatonic symptoms:

•   Having a rigid and or motionless body.
• Repetitive behavior and movements
• Experiences catalepsy and negativism

 http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/c/catatonia/symptoms.htm 

10. Delusion of Grandeur 
  Someone way in over their head, meaning that they believe the amount of power they wield is incomparable thus making them really important.


http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-delusions-of-grandeur.htm

11. Delusion of Reference
  One believes that events that have nothing to do with them are directly related to them as if to convey to a message.

http://bipolar.about.com/od/glossaryd/g/gl_delusofrefer.htm

12. Somatic Delusions
When one has false beliefs about the image or function of their body.

http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/somatic+delusion

Personality Disorders

Borderline- A mental illness with repetitive and unstable moods (disorder of emotion regulation), interpersonal relationships, self-image, and behavior. It disrupts one's life and sense of self-identity.
http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/borderline-personality-disorder-fact-sheet/index.shtml

Schizotypal- A mental illness that the person has few if any relationships with anyone. They compose an introverted interaction keeping them from interacting with anyone and in turn have dilemmas with anxiety when facing social situations.
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/schizotypal-personality-disorder/DS00830

Paranoid- A mental illness that the person sees everyone displayed as mistrustful and suspicious. The illness is diagnosed when the patient is thoroughly distressed, disabling, or the emotions persistent.
http://www.mentalhealth.com/dis/p20-pe01.html

Narcissistic- A mental disorder that the person has a high opinion of themself and craves for the same admiration they offer themselves. They believe themselves to be superior to others and have complete disregard for the others feelings. Said though that they are really fragile when critized.

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/narcissistic-personality-disorder/DS00652

Histrionic- A mental illness that the person has very unstable emotions and a distorted self-impression. They rely on the opinion of others to boost their confidence and feel they are not worthy of a good opinion upon themselves. They go through extreme measures to direct attention to themselves, making it "dramatical".

http://my.clevelandclinic.org/disorders/personality_disorders/hic_histrionic_personality_disorder.aspx

Antisocial- A chronic mental illness that the person's ways of thinking, perceiving situations, and relating to others is dysfunctional. The illness doesn't give regard for what is right or wrong. Also known as sociopathic personality disorder and sometimes seen as psychopathy.

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/antisocial-personality-disorder/DS00829

Obsessive-Compulsive- A condition in where a person extremely preoccupies themself with rules, orderliness, and control

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000942.htm

Avoidant- A mental illness that has the person avoiding any contact or situation in which they might find themselves anxious or embarassed. The constant worry that they will be ridiculed, criticizied, or rejected puts them on constant alert of suffering anxiety attacks, developing a a wall around themself of self-protection.

http://www.social-anxiety-shyness-info.com/art/sad/a-11-avoidant-personality.htm

Racism

Many traits inflict upon the behavior of a person to be racist. In general though it's due to your education, not school-wise but how you were raised, by what kinds of people, where you were raised and how everyone around you treated each other in that place, and more. Or it could be minimal things like religion, gender, hair colors, etc. When we find a "fault", or different feature, that sets them apart from one person they believe  that they are better.
There is also a slight problem with dominative people. They feel superior and it makes them want to be at the top, thus shunning the ones that might fall lower in their perspective. Racism is mostly scene towards those with different skin colours because it is what stands out most. Another example is a very prosperous person that feels disgust upon seeing a rather poor person beg for money on the streets with ragged clothing.
Sometimes, it's not only this, but also the jealous anger that can create racist actions. If we see someone from another race, or so, doing better than we, that might cause way for racism. Or if one person is better than the rest, he'll see himself as a better creation than the others.
An important reason is that humans may feel safe to the opposing race. For example the way a gazelle avoids a tiger because it is dangerous. We might take for example terrorists, We group them from where they come from and the innocent people there. We might take them in as dangerous people. It is for cause of fear that we inch away from any possible chance we might be in danger.

Importance of Psychology

I beleive psychology to be important because it helps us discover a lot about the way humans and animals work. It is a part of our everyday life and is important because without it, we'd be clueless upon why we react the way we do to simple or complicated things. Comprehension of one's self is an important step to moving on in life and being able to retain what you learned. It helps to mature and turn yourself into a reliable step for future progress.